How do Chileans commemorate the Discovery of America? - 2023

The discovery of America marked a transcendental milestone in the history of humanity, opening the doors to a new world of possibilities. Through festivities, commemorations, and traditions, Chileans honor and reflect on this meeting of cultures that shaped the identity of their nation.

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The discovery of America

On October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus, representing the Spanish crown, arrived in what would later be known as America. This encounter between Europe and the Americas had a momentous impact on world history, ushering in a new era and establishing a lasting link between two previously separated worlds.

The arrival of the Spanish in Chile

Historic context
The arrival of the Spanish in Chile occurred during the period of Spanish colonization in America. After the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus in 1492, the Spanish undertook a series of expeditions and conquests in search of wealth and territory for the Spanish Empire. The conquest of Chile began in the 16th century. In 1536, Diego de Almagro led an expedition from Peru to the south of South America, reaching Chilean territory. However, it was Pedro de Valdivia who founded the first Spanish city in Chile , Santiago de Nueva Extremadura, in 1541.

Interaction with indigenous peoples
The Spaniards encountered various indigenous cultures in Chile, such as the Mapuches, the Picunches, the Huilliches, and the Diaguitas, among others. These cultures had their own social structures, political systems, and ways of life. The interaction between the Spanish and the indigenous peoples was complex and often conflictual.

conflict and resistance
The conquest of Chile was marked by numerous conflicts between the Spanish and the indigenous peoples. The Mapuche , in particular, offered strong resistance to Spanish colonization and managed to maintain their independence for much of the colonial period. The Arauco War , which spanned more than three centuries, was a prominent example of Mapuche resistance.

Foundation of cities and establishment of Spanish rule
During colonization , the Spanish founded numerous cities and established a system of colonial government in Chile. In addition to Santiago, cities such as Concepción, Valdivia and La Serena were founded. These cities became administrative, religious and economic centers of the Chilean territory.

Spanish influence on culture and society
The Spanish presence left a deep mark on Chilean culture and society. The Spanish language, the Catholic religion, and colonial institutions became fundamental elements of Chilean identity. In addition, new agricultural, livestock and architectural practices were introduced, as well as European products and customs were imported.

Legacy and reflection
The encounter between the Spanish and indigenous peoples in Chile left a complex and diverse legacy. Throughout history, there have been efforts to recognize and value the cultural diversity of the country, as well as to address the injustices and inequalities that arose during the colonial period. The reflection on this historical past continues to be relevant to understand the identity and contemporary reality of Chile.

Celebrations and commemorations in Chile

In Chile, the Day of the Discovery of Two Worlds is celebrated on October 12, a holiday that pays tribute to this historic encounter. During this day, various activities and events take place throughout the country. In Santiago, the capital of Chile, civic-military parades are held, in which representatives of the Armed Forces and social organizations participate. These parades are a sample of the cultural and ethnic diversity present in Chile, highlighting the fusion of cultures that occurred after the discovery of America.

In Valparaíso , a coastal city known for its rich maritime history, a ceremony is held at Plaza Sotomayor , where a wreath is made in honor of the navigators and discoverers. In addition, in various locations throughout the country there are theatrical performances and cultural events that recreate the encounter between the Spanish conquerors and the indigenous peoples. These representations seek to promote reflection and intercultural dialogue, recognizing both the positive aspects and the challenges that arose as a result of this historic meeting.

In some indigenous communities in Chile, rituals and ceremonies are also carried out in commemoration of the Discovery of America. These events seek to keep ancestral traditions alive and highlight the resistance and resilience of the original peoples in the face of the changes produced by colonization.

The Discovery of America and the subsequent Spanish colonization had a profound impact on the formation of Chilean identity. The arrival of the Spanish brought with it the imposition of a new language, a new religion and a new way of life. However, there was also a fusion of cultures, where indigenous and Spanish elements intertwined, giving rise to a diverse and mestizo identity.

The celebration of the Discovery of America in Chile is an opportunity to reflect on this historical legacy and recognize the importance of valuing and preserving the cultural diversity of the country. Through these festivities, Chileans reaffirm their identity as a nation with indigenous and Spanish roots, and promote inclusion and intercultural dialogue.