Schizophrenia: Treatment, symptoms, myths and realities

Schizophrenia , a chronic mental disorder that affects millions of people worldwide, has long been one of the most intriguing enigmas in the field of psychiatry. This complex mental condition has baffled humanity throughout history, generating fears, stigmas and misunderstandings. However, in recent decades, scientific research has shed new light on schizophrenia, offering a deeper understanding of its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

A Historical Look

Schizophrenia is not a new disorder, but throughout history, it has been subject to different interpretations and treatments. In ancient times and the Middle Ages, people who showed symptoms of schizophrenia were often considered possessed by evil spirits or demons. Treatments were mainly religious rituals or exorcisms, which led to the isolation and stigmatization of those who suffered from the disease.

The 19th century marked a turning point in the understanding of schizophrenia. Emile Kraepelin, a prominent German psychiatrist, described "dementia praecox," a condition that would later be identified as schizophrenia. This paved the way for a more scientific conceptualization of the disease.

The Causes of Schizophrenia

Despite decades of research, the exact cause of schizophrenia remains a mystery. A combination of genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors are believed to contribute to the development of the disease.

• Genetic Factors: Studies have shown that people with first-degree relatives who suffer from schizophrenia have a higher risk of developing the disease. Although a single responsible gene has not been identified, multiple genes are believed to contribute to susceptibility.
• Neurobiological Factors: Research has revealed differences in the structure and functioning of the brain in people with schizophrenia. For example, a decreased size of the hippocampus and enlarged brain ventricles have been observed in some people with the disease.
• Environmental Factors: Environmental exposures, such as stress during pregnancy, exposure to environmental toxins, and psychoactive substance use, have also been associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is characterized by a wide range of symptoms that can vary in intensity and duration. These symptoms are commonly divided into three categories: positive, negative and cognitive.

• Positive Symptoms: These are excesses or distortions of normal function and include hallucinations (sensory experiences without a real source), delusions (false beliefs), disorganized thinking, agitated behavior, and abnormal motor movements.
• Negative Symptoms: Negative symptoms refer to the loss or decline of normal function, such as apathy, emotional dullness, social withdrawal, and poor speech.
• Cognitive Symptoms: These affect cognitive function and include difficulties in attention, memory and decision making.

The Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

The diagnosis of schizophrenia is based on a thorough evaluation of the patient's symptoms and medical history. There is no single test for schizophrenia, so it is done by excluding other possible causes of the symptoms.

For a diagnosis of schizophrenia to be made, several criteria must be met, including the presence of positive, negative or cognitive symptoms for at least six months, the exclusion of other medical or psychiatric conditions that may explain the symptoms, significant dysfunction in the work or personal relationships, and ruling out substance use disorders or medical conditions.

Treatment of Schizophrenia

The treatment of schizophrenia is a complex process that focuses on relieving symptoms and improving the patient's quality of life. Here are the main treatment modalities:

• Antipsychotic Medications: Antipsychotic medications, both first and second generation, are essential for controlling the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as hallucinations and delusions.
• Psychotherapeutic Therapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy and other therapeutic modalities can help patients understand and manage their symptoms, as well as improve their coping skills.
• Social Support: Psychosocial rehabilitation programs help patients develop social and work skills, promoting their independence.
• Hospitalization: In situations of crisis or extreme severity, hospitalization may be necessary to ensure patient safety and provide a controlled environment for treatment.

Myths and realities

Schizophrenia has been surrounded by myths and misunderstandings throughout history. Some common myths include the belief that schizophrenia is a rare disease, that people with schizophrenia are violent, and that it involves having multiple personalities. However, it is important to demystify these beliefs and understand the realities of the disease.

Schizophrenia is treatable, and many people can lead meaningful lives with the right support. Stigma and discrimination towards those who suffer from this disease are harmful and must be addressed.

Continued research plays a crucial role in advancing knowledge about schizophrenia. Areas such as genetics, neurobiology and innovative therapies offer promise to improve the quality of life of people with this disease in the future.ui