What are international relations?

International relations constitute a multidisciplinary field that addresses the interaction between global actors, such as States, international organizations, companies and non-state actors, in an increasingly interconnected world. This article will delve into what international relations is, examining its definition, key theories, and the contemporary challenges facing this field of study.

Definition of International Relations

International relations refers to the political, economic, social and cultural interactions between global actors on the world stage. These actors can be sovereign states, international organizations, multinational corporations, non-governmental groups ( NGOs ), individuals and other relevant actors. International relations covers a wide range of topics, including foreign policy, international trade, global security, diplomacy, cooperation, conflict, and economic development, among others.

This field of study seeks to understand and analyze how these actors interact, negotiate and cooperate or compete in the international system. Furthermore, international relations seeks to explain how events and decisions in one country can have repercussions on other countries and on the global order as a whole.

Theories in International Relations

To better understand international relations, theorists have developed various perspectives that help explain the behavior of global actors and patterns of interaction. Some of the most influential theories include:

Realism
Realism focuses on power and competition between states. Realists argue that states seek to maximize their own security and power, and that the anarchy of the international system leads to a balance of power. Stability is achieved through deterrence and force-based diplomacy.

Liberalism
Liberals believe in the possibility of international cooperation and the building of international institutions. They consider that democracy, free trade and respect for human rights are factors that promote global peace and stability. Institutions such as the UN and NATO are examples of liberal efforts to foster international cooperation.

Social Constructionism
This theory focuses on how norms, identities, and perceptions influence the behavior of global actors. He argues that international relations are shaped by shared ideas and social constructions, in addition to material interests. International norms and global public opinions play a fundamental role in this perspective.

Structural Realism Theory
This theory is derived from realism but focuses on the structures of the international system rather than individual actors. He argues that system structures, such as the distribution of power, influence the behavior of states and can lead to cooperation or conflict.

Feminism in International Relations
Feminism in international relations focuses on the inclusion of the gender perspective in the analysis of international relations. It seeks to challenge gender norms and understand how international relations affect women and men differently.

Contemporary Challenges in International Relations

The field of international relations faces a number of challenges and crucial questions today:

1. Climate Change
Climate change is a global concern that requires strong international cooperation to address its devastating effects. International agreements such as the Paris Agreement seek to mitigate climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

2. Security and Terrorism
International terrorism poses a significant threat to global security. The fight against terrorism has led to joint military operations and intelligence cooperation between countries.

3. Migration Crisis
Migration crises, whether due to conflict, natural disasters or precarious economic conditions, have led to a massive flow of people internationally. Managing these crises poses humanitarian and political challenges.

4. Refugee Crisis
Refugee crises have increased around the world due to conflict and persecution. Countries must address the protection of refugee rights and seek long-term solutions.

5. Cybersecurity
Cybersecurity is a growing challenge, as cyberattacks can have global repercussions. The protection of critical infrastructure and the regulation of cyberactivity are key issues.

6. Global Pandemics
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of global cooperation in the management of communicable diseases. Vaccine distribution and coordinated response are critical issues.

International relations is a dynamic and complex field that involves the interaction of global actors on a wide range of issues. Theories in international relations provide conceptual frameworks for understanding these interactions, while contemporary challenges, such as climate change, security and humanitarian crises, require effective international cooperation. As the world continues to evolve, the study of international relations remains essential to understanding and addressing the global issues of our time.